Tricuspid regurgitation etiologies, current diagnostic methods, and management: A 2022 update and review of the literature

Retaj Al Haroun¹, Raja Dashti², Rajesh Rajan², Mohammed Al Jarallah², Khalid Al Mulla², Joud Al Balool³, Zhanna Davidona Kobalava⁴, Suprateeka Talukder⁵, Endurance Osas Evbayekha⁶, Gary Tse⁷, Helen Huang^8
1 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
² Department of Cardiology, Sabah Al Ahmad Cardiac Centre, Al Amiri Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
³ Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabryia, Kuwait
⁴ Department of Internal Medicine with the Subspecialty of Cardiology and Functional Diagnostics Named after V.S. Moiseev, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
⁵ Department of Medicine, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich, United Kingdom
⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, St. Luke's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
⁷ Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China: Department of Medicine, Kent and Medway Medical School, Canterbury, United Kingdom
⁸ Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Heart Failure and Structural Heart Disease Unit, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, China-UK Collaboration, Hong Kong, China

Correspondence Address:
Helen Huang,
Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2

Rajesh Rajan,
Department of Cardiology, Sabah Al Ahmed Cardiac Centre, Kuwait City - 13001
Kuwait

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None